听力原文：Canadians and Americans usually tip in places like restaurants, airports, hotels

learning should take place. These conventions form. a largely unquestioned base for the culture's systems of primary, secondary, and tertiary education. In one culture, students may be encouraged to collaborate with their fellow students, while in another culture this activity may be prohibited. In some societies, students are discouraged from asking questions, while in others they may be required to do 80 as part of their formal assessment.

come from environments where people don't read, the loss of a library is a tragedy that might keep them from ever discovering the joys of reading—or from gathering the kind of information that will decide their lot in life. Jonathan Kozol, for decades an advocate for disadvantaged children, has observed that school libraries "remain the clearest window to a world of pure satisfactions and enticements that most children in poor neighborhoods will never know."

Kids deprived of access to good libraries are also being kept from developing the information skills they need to keep up in workplaces that are increasingly dependent on rapidly changing information. The ability to conduct research is probably the most essential skill today's students can have. The knowledge students acquire in school is not going to serve them throughout their lifetimes. Many of them will have four to five careers in a lifetime. It will be their ability to navigate information that will matter.

n in today's science and technology, most of us are secretly superstitious about certain things, even though we may pretend not to be.

(54)

ng behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring.

(52)

are prepared to work consistently, providing that they clear their mind of some prevalent misconceptions.

isks. In the United States, it violates laws that were created to protect public safety and property.

(54)

. Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight. A boat, a machine, a house — all these objects are part of the material culture. The nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior. but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.

Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the nonmaterial culture in choosing problems for study. It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible — indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them. The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.

ed like a good solution to the problem, at least on paper.

(54)

ount similar to a top U.S. ad executive, a marketing director or a judge, according to a study released Wednesday.

make them more popular. Young females, however, use cigarettes, drugs or alcohol to feel happier, reduce tension or lose weight.

(55)