Comparing the results of household surveys, we can conclude that people with different lev

people prefer to spend their leisure time participating in more intellectual activities like reading, listening to music, collecting stamps or watching films. Write an essay of about 400 words, comparing a physical pastime with an intellectual one and explain why you think one is better than the other to a person of your age. You are supposed to give a title for your essay.

In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the sec- ond part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese.

We have scrutinized the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being by comparing rich and unrich countries, and rich and unrich people. That leaves the final question: Over time, does happiness rise with affluence？

Typically not. Lottery winners appear to gain but a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings. Looking back, they feel delighted to have won. Yet the euphoria doesn't last. In fact, previously enjoyed activities such as reading may become less pleasurable. Compared to the high of winning a million dollars, ordinary pleasure looks pale.

On a smaller scale, a jump in our income can boost our morale, for a while. "But in the long run," notes Inglehart, "neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially did... Happiness is not the result of being rich, but a temporary consequence of having recently become richer."

hand, may hold the key to achieving the peach of mind we seek. (32)The two concepts seem very similar but the differences between them are crucial.

(29)To esteem anything is to evaluate it positively and hold it high regard, but evaluation gets us into trouble because while we sometimes win, we also sometimes lose. To respect something, on the other hand, is to accept it.

The word acceptance suggests to some readers that our culture does indeed deal with this idea of self-respect; after all, don't we have the concept that it is important to accept our limitations？ Aren't many of us encouraged "to change the things we can change, accept the things we cannot change and know the difference between the two？"

(30)The person with self-respect simply likes herself or himself. This self-respect is not dependent on success because there are always failures to contend with, Neither is it a result of comparing ourselves with others because there is always someone better. There are techniques usually employed to increase self-esteem. (31)Self-respect, however, is a given. We simply like ourselves because of who we are and not because of what we can or cannot do.

My recent research, with Judith White and Johnny Walsh at Harvard University, points to the advantage of selfrespect. (32)Compared to those with high self-esteem who are still caught in an evaluative framework, those with self-respect are less prone to blame, guilt, regret, lies, have secrets and stress.

(33)

A．It is the same as self-respect.

B．It is totally different from self-respect.

C．It is to think only the positive even when we lose.

D．It is to evaluate positively and hold high regard.

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： During this century, archaeologists have discovered that the trees can be a valuable tool for measuring time. In scientific terms, this method is called dendrochronology. Dendrochronology is based on the scientific discovery that each year a tree grows a new layer of wood. When you cut down a tree, for example, you can see and count the layers of concentric circles. These circles will reveal a great deal of information. The layers vary in color and in thickness. These variations are a result of differing climate conditions from year to year that affect the growth of the annual rings. Cold weather, for example, creates thinner and lighter rings while hot weather produces thicker and darker rings. All trees that grow in the same region will have roughly the same pattern of annual rings, and this can be used as a source of comparison and measurement.

Early in this century, archaeologists began using the rings to date ruined structures and figures built in the southwestern United States. They did this by comparing the rings of the wood found in the ruins with the rings of recently cut trees. Slowly but surely, the system was extended backwards in time to measure older ruins. The heavy forestry of the United States, coupled with the relative youth. Of its history, led to a fairly uncomplicated study. Eventually, dendrochronology produced an accurate time and weather record for the American southwest that extended over 2,000 years.

What happens to trees each year？

A．Their rings get thinner and thinner.

B．They add a ring of wood.

C．Their rings get darker in color.

D．They become more valuable.

is definition is simple. But the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perception, attitudes, and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same culture can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or do. Isn't it logical, then, that communication problems can be compounded among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i. e. language and culture)？

2 Cultures do not communicate; individuals do. Everyone has a unique style. of communication, but cultures determine a general style. for their members. The relationship of the individual to his culture is analogous to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our cultures.

3 Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate. However, when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived as personal rather than cultural. Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily ignored or remedied. Other conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misunderstandings and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.

4 Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs. In cross-cultural interaction, speakers sometimes assume what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures.

5 Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over-generalized beliefs or "stereotypes" frequently shape people's perceptions of each other.

6 Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as "civilized" and Indians as wild and "primitive." A child who knows about the American Indians only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups.

7 Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice, suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups.

8 Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well as sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities—but rather that we recognize cultural influence within ourselves and within others.

By comparing the culture to the director, the author purports to ______.

A．stress the significance of culture

B．show the indispensable role of culture

C．describe the dominant effect of culture

D．illustrate the subtle influence of culture

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： During this century, archaeologists have discovered that trees can be a valuable tool for measuring time. In scientific terms, this method is called dendrochronology. Dendrochronology is based on the scientific discovery that each year a tree grows a new layer of wood. When you cut down a tree, for example, you can see and count the layers of concentric circles. These circles will reveal a great deal of information. The layers vary in color and in thickness. These variations are a result of differing climate conditions from year to year that affect the growth of the annual tings. Cold weather, for example, creates thinner and lighter tings while hot weather produces thicker and darker rings. All trees that grow in the same region will have roughly the same pattern of annual rings, and this can be used as a source of comparison and measurement.

Early in this century, archaeologists began using the rings to date ruined structures and figures built in the southwestern United States. They did this by comparing the rings of the wood found in the ruins with the rings of recently cut trees. Slowly but surely, the system was extended backwards in time to measure older ruins. The heavy forestry of the United States, coupled with the relative youth of its history, led to a fairly uncomplicated study. Eventually, dendrochronology produced an accurate time and weather record for the American southwest that extended over 2000 years.

What happens to trees each year？

A．Their tings get thinner and thinner.

B．They add a ring of wood.

C．Their rings get darker in color.

D．They become more valuable.

1 "International communication" is communication between members of different cultures. This definition is simple. But the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perception, attitudes, and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same culture can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or do. Isn't it logical, then, that communication problems can be compounded among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i. e. language and culture)？

2 Cultures do not communicate; individuals do. Everyone has a unique style. of communication, but cultures determine a general style. for their members. The relationship of the individual to his culture is analogous to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our cultures.

3 Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate. However, when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived as personal rather than cultural. Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily ignored or remedied. Other conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misunderstandings and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.

4 Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs. In cross-cultural interaction, speakers sometimes assume what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures.

5 Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over-generalized beliefs or "stereotypes" frequently shape people's perceptions of each other.

6 Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as "civilized" and Indians as wild and "primitive." A child who knows about the American Indians only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups.

7 Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice, suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups.

8 Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well as sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities but rather that we recognize cultural influence within ourselves and within others.

By comparing the culture to the director, the author purports to__________

A．stress the significance of culture

B．show the indispensable role of culture

C．describe the dominant effect of culture

D．illustrate the subtle influence of culture

听力原文： Our culture is concerned with matters of self-esteem. Self-respect, on the other hand, may hold the key to achieving the peace of mind we seek. The two concepts seem very similar but the differences between them are crucial.

To esteem anything is to evaluate it positively and hold it high regard, but evaluation gets us into trouble because while we sometimes win, we also sometimes lose. To respect something, on the other hand, is to accept it.

The word acceptance suggests to some readers that our culture does indeed deal with this idea of self-respect; after all, don't we have the concept that it is important to accept our limitations？ Aren't many of us encouraged to change the things we can change, accept the things we cannot change and know the difference between the two？

The person with self-respect simply likes herself or himself. This self-respect is not dependent on success because there are always failures to contend with. Neither is it a result of comparing ourselves with others because there is always someone better. There are techniques usually employed to increase self-esteem. Self-respect, however, is a given. We simply like ourselves because of who we are and not because of what we can or cannot do.

My recent research, with Judith White and Johnny Walsh at Harvard University, points to the advantage of self-respect. Compared to those with high self-esteem who are still caught in an evaluative framework, those with self-respect are less prone to blame, guilt, regret, lies, have secrets and stress.

29．What do we learn about self-esteem？

30.What do we learn about people with self-respect？

31.What does the speaker mean by saying "Self-respect is a given"？

32.What's the purpose of the passage？

(33)

A．It is the same as self-respect.

B．It is totally different from self-respect.

C．It is to evaluate positively and hold high regard.

D．It is to think only the positive even when we lose.

听力原文： Our culture is concerned with matters of self-esteem. Self-respect, on the other hand, may hold the key to achieving the peace of mind we seek. The two concepts seem very similar but the differences between them are crucial.

To esteem anything is to evaluate it positively and hold it high regard, but evaluation gets us into trouble because while we sometimes win, we also sometimes lose. To respect something, on the other hand, is to accept it.

The word acceptance suggests to some readers that our culture does indeed deal with this idea of self-respect; after all, don't we have the concept that it is important to accept our limitations？ Aren't many of us encouraged to change the things we can change, accept the things we cannot change and know the difference between the two？

The person with self-respect simply likes herself or himself. This self-respect is not dependent on success because there are always failures to contend with. Neither is it a result of comparing ourselves with others because there is always someone better. There are techniques usually employed to increase self-esteem. Self-respect, however, is a given. We simply like ourselves because of who we are and not because of what we can or cannot do.

My recent research, with Judith White and Johnny Walsh at Harvard University, points to the advantage of self-respect. Compared to those with high self-esteem who are still caught in an evaluative framework, those with self-respect are less prone to blame, guilt, regret, lies, have secrets and stress.

Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

29. What do we learn about self-esteem？

30. What do we learn about people with self-respect？

31. What does the speaker mean by saying "Self-respect is a given"？

32. What's the purpose of the passage？

(33)

A．It is the same as self-respect.

B．It is totally different from self-respect.

C．It is to evaluate positively and hold high regard.

D．It is to think only the positive even when we lose.

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Rarely do major diseases have a single cause. They are usually the result of a complex interaction between many factors, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle. components. Many media reports, however, can tead us to believe that if we gave up something that we might otherwise enjoy, we could completely escape that particular affliction.

Clearly, this is not the case. Vegetarians die of cancer of the colon (结肠). Teetotallers die of liver complaints, including cirrhosis (硬化). People who never go out in the sun contract skin melanomas (黑素瘤). Always, there are other factors at work than the single element being examined in a scientific study.

Quite often the alleged benefits of a particular nutritional element are the result not so much of the element itself but of the lifestyle. and general diet of the people who consume it most. People who eat lots of "healthy" foods, including fiber, carrots, broccoli etc. , also tend to drink less alcohol, take more exercise, avoid too many fatty foods and smoke less. Only when a study can rule out all of these other factors and often we do not know what these factors might be can we say that there is a causal link between two things. That is not to say that things like fiber and broccoli have no beneficial effects at all. But those with sedentary lifestyles cannot expect these foods to make them healthy.

There is, however, one thing which increases the likelihood of dying relatively young, even when all of the other factors have been taken into account. It is one of the biggest killers even among those who lead lifestyles which, by any criteria, are clearly healthy ones. This single, incontrovertible risk factor is that of being poor. Recent report from the Cancer Research Campaign suggested that 12 700 deaths could have been avoided between 1986 and 1990 if inequalities in cancer care did not exist in England and Wales. Comparing cancer survival rates, the study found that England and Wales fared unfavorably with Europe and the US, but the most affluent regions of these two countries exhibited similar figures to the European average.

In an attempt to counter this disparity the government has announced plans for the provision of Health Action Zones which seek to encourage greater cooperation between health and social services, targeting both rural and inner city areas. The emphasis of this new scheme however appears to focus on inadequacies within health education in these areas, rather than attacking the broader issues of social inequality.

According to the first paragraph, what are we likely to read in many media reports？

A．A particular disease is associated with a single cause.

B．We should enjoy as many things as possible.

C．We can never understand how different factors interact to cause a disease.

D．A disease is caused more by genes than by lifestyles.

tted it—even to myself, but I am extremely jealous of people who are so orderly that they never lose anything. Most of my friends always seem to have a place for everything and everything is in its place. I hate comparing myself with them. They have special cupboards for tools, hooks to hang things on and drawers to put things in. It is quite impossible for me to compete.

Some things have a terrible habit of disappearing the moment I need them. Pencils and ballpoint pens are never anywhere near the telephone when it rings, no matter how much care I take. Screw-drivers and tin-openers always manage to walk into the garden and, as a result, screws remain loose, and tins remain unopened. Boxes of matches move under the radio, and needles disappear every time I want to sew a button on a shirt.

The situation was getting so much out of control that I decided to organize myself. I had a large cupboard put into the kitchen. On the shelves I neatly arranged a number of boxes and tins, the contents of which I clearly printed in ink on the outside. I had one box for pins, another for nails, and a special place for screw-drivers. There was a new address book in one corner so that I could make a note of telephone numbers and addresses. Before this I had always written addresses on bits of paper—which I quickly lost. Soon everything was tidily arranged in its place, from pairs of scissors to cakes of soap and spare lamps. Having made such a sincere attempt to prevent things from running away, I felt very proud of myself. But it was not long before the matches disappeared and the hammer decided to hide itself in the waste-paper basket. I soon got my revenge, however. I had a lock fitted to the cupboard and thus made sure that nothing could escape. This was an admirable solution—until I lost the key to the cupboard.

This passage is something written to______.

A．tell readers a joke

B．complain about his tools

C．teach readers some tricks

D．criticize himself humorously