Unconsciously, we all carry with us【51】have been called "body bubbles". These bubbles are

A.written

B.accounted

C.cooperated

D.learned

There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in

pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling.

(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt

'naturally' and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 【B1】______

deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,

remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 【B2】______

our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 【B3】______

comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 【B4】______

It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting

is something which we almost always know. We begin the 'natural' 【B5】______

learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or

write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 【B6】______

practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours

per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 【B7】______

English spelling. This is 'natural', therefore, that our speech-sounds 【B8】______

should be those of our immediate circle；after all, as we have seen,

speech operates as a means of holding a community and 【B9】______

giving a sense of 'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a

'stranger', someone who speaks with an accent of a different

community — perhaps only a few miles far. 【B10】______

【B1】

hat happiness is, in point of fact, the good, the supreme good, or chief end of man; and this assumption, so far from being discountenanced by the philosophy of Socrates, is involved in that philosophy as one of its most vital principles. Viewed as a matter of fact, we must admit that his own happiness, whatever it may consist in, or whatever may be the means to be employed in the attainment, is the end which each individual has most at heart, and at which he ultimately aims. This is the end after which all men most eagerly strive. Happiness is the goal, which, consciously or unconsciously, we are all struggling to reach. Milton has written two epic poems in which he commemorates our fallen and our restored condition. He has written Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. But the true epic of humanity—the epic which is in a constant course of evolution from the beginning until the end of time, the epic which is daily poured forth from the heart of the whole human race, sometimes in rejoicing paeans, but oftener amid woeful lamentation, tears, and disappointed hopes—what is it but Paradise sought for？

We are all naturally attracted to people with ideas, beliefs and

interests like their own. Similarly, we feel comfortable with physical

qualities similar as ours. 【M1】 ______

We may have noticed about how people who live or work closely 【M2】 ______

together come to behave in a similar way. Unconsciously we copy these 【M3】 ______

we are close to or love or admire. So a sportsman's individual way of

walking with raised shoulders is imitated by an admired fan; a pair of 【M4】 ______

lovers both shake their heads in the same way; an employer finds 【M5】 ______

himself copying his boss's habit of wagging a pen between his fingers

while thinking.

In every case, the influential person may consciously notice the 【M6】 ______

imitation but he will feel comfortably in his presence. And if he does 【M7】 ______

notice the matching of his gestures or movements, he finds it pleasing

he is influencing people: they are drawn to them. 【M8】 ______

Sensitive people have been mirroring their friend and acquaintances 【M9】 ______

all their lives, and winning affection and respect in this way

without aware of their methods. Now, for people who want to win 【M10】 ______

agreement or trust, affection or sympathy, some psychologists

recommend the deliberate use of. physical imitation.

【M1】

Unconsciously, we all carry with us【51】have been called "body bubbles". These bubbles are like invisible wails【52】define our personal space. The amount of space changes【53】on the interpersonal relationship. For example, we are usually more comfortable standing closer to family members than to【54】. Personality【55】determines the size of this space. Introverts often prefer to interact with others at a greater distance than【56】.

Cultural styles are important too. A Japanese【57】and employee usually stand farther apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs tend to【58】closer together than Americans when talking.

For Americans,【59】in social conversation is about an arm's length to four feet. Less space in the American culture may be associated【60】greater intimacy or aggressive behavior. The common practice of saying "Excuse me," or "Pardon me" for the slightest accidental touching of another person reveals an American attitude about personal space. Thus when a person's "space" is intruded【61】by someone, he or【62】may feel【63】and react defensively. In cultures【64】close physical contact is acceptable and desirable, Americans may be Perceived【65】cold and distant.

Culture does not always【66】the messages that our body movements【67】Contexts, personalities, and relationships also influence them. Therefore, no two people in any one society have the same nonverbal behavior. However, like verbal language,【68】communication cannot be completely separated【69】culture.【70】we emphasize differences or similarities, the "silent language" is much louder than it first appears.

(51)

Many describe Freud as the most influential psychologist

of all time. Yet not everyone recognize the profound effect of 【S1】______

psychoanalytic theory in the way most of us look at human 【S2】______

behavior, regardless of any formal exposure to Freud's works.

For example, most adults in Western society accept the idea that

behavior. can be influenced by an unconscious part of the mind.

We say things like "I must have done that consciously" or "Even 【S3】______

though I didn't realize it consciously, maybe unconsciously

I did." Although Freud was not the first to talk about the

unconscious, no one ago, or probably since, has placed 【S4】______

so many emphasis upon unconscious processes in explaining 【S5】______

human behavior.

Do you believe that dreams hold important psychological

information, revealing inner fears and desires？ If so, you are

backing on an idea that Freud popularized. 【S6】______

As people had been interpreting dreams for thousands of 【S7】______

years, Freud was the first to incorporate dream interpretation

into a larger psychological theory. When we talk about our dreams

and lay to figure it out, we are informally following a therapeutic 【S8】______

procedure outlining by Freud at the turn of the century. 【S9】______

Numerous examples of Freudian thought can be found in our

daily language, as well as in modem literature and in motion

pictures. Thus, an understanding of Freudian psychology

is part of a good liberal arts education; it can aid the observant

student to appreciating subtle and not-so-subtle references 【S10】______

【S1】

space between us and another person(1)invisible walls.

The(2)of space changes(3)on the nature of the relationship. For(4), we are usually more comfortable standing closer to family members(5)to strangers. Personality(6)determines the size of the area(7)we are comfortable when talking to people. Introverts (性格内向的人) often prefer(8)with others(9)a greater distance than do extroverts. Cultural styles are important too. A Japanese employer and employee usually stand(10)apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs(11)to stand closer than Americans do when talking.

For Americans, the usual distance in social conversation(12)from about an arm's(13)to four feet. Less space in the American culture may be(14)with either greater intimacy(15)aggressive behavior. The common practice of saying, "Excuse me," for the slightest(16)touching of another person(17)how uncomfortable Americans are if people get too(18). In cultures(19)close physical contact is(20)and even desirable, Americans may be perceived (感觉认为) as cold and distant.

A.purely

B.unconsciously

C.purposefully

D.paranormally

imilarly, we feel comfortable with people with physical qualities similar to ours.

You may have noticed how people who live or work closely together come to behave in a similar way. Unconsciously we copy those we are close to or love or admire, So a sportsman's individual, way of walking with raised shoulders is imitated by an admiring fan; a pair of lovers both shake their heads in the same way; an employee finds him- self duplicating his boss' habit of wagging a pen between his fingers while thinking. In every case, the influential person may not consciously notice the imitation, but he will feel comfortable in its presence. And if he does notice the matching of his gestures or movements, he finds it pleasing he is influencing people: they are drawn to him.

Sensitive people have been mirroring their friends and acquaintances all their lives, and winning affection and respect in this way without being aware of their methods. Now, for people who want to win agreement or trust, affection or sympathy, some psychologists recommend the deliberate use of physical mirroring.

The clever saleswoman echoes her lady customer's movements, tilting her head in the same way to judge a color match, or folding her arms a few seconds after the customer, as though consciously attracted by her. The customer feels that the saleswoman is in sympathy with her, and understands her needs--a promising relationship for a sale to take place. The clever lawyer, trying in a law-court to influence a judge, imitates the great man's shrugging of his shoulders, the tone of his voice and the rhythm of his speech.

Of course, physical mirroring must be subtle. If you blink every time your target blinks, or bite your bottom lip every time he does, your mirroring has become mockery and you can expect trouble. So, if you can't model sympathetically, don't play the game.

According to the passage, "physical mirroring" (Pare. 3) means ______.

A．the comfortable feeling about people with physical qualities similar to ours

B．the imitation of the gestures or movements of those we are close to, or love, or admire

C．the attraction to people with ideas, beliefs and interests like our own

D．the fact that people living or working closely together behave in a similar way