There is no doubt that stress can（）physical ilness.

Five or more short blasts on a vessel’s whistle indicates that she is ______.

A.in doubt that another vessel is taking sufficient action to avoid a collision

B.altering course to starboard

C.altering course to port

D.the stand-on vessel and will maintain course and speed

The boss took it for granted that his secretary should keep him well-informed.

A．assumed that it was true without doubt

B．believed that it was true without making sure

C．agreed that it was necessary

D．thought that it was beneficial

A.operation

B.position

C.motion

D.location

The boss took it for granted that his secretary should keep him well-informed.

A．assumed that it was true without doubt

B．believed that it was true without making sure

C．agreed that it was necessary

D．thought that it was beneficial

Why does the author mention the "Forbes 400" in paragraph 3？

A．To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every year

B．To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money

C．To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealth

D．To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. Why should tips exist？ The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduces uncomfortable feelings of inequality.

Such explanations no doubt explain the purported origin of tipping--in the 16th century boxes in English taverns carried the phrase "To Insure Promptitude" (later TIP). But according to new research from Cornell University, tipping no longer serves any useful function.

Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom has become institutionalized: it's regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In New York restaurants, failing to tip 15% could mean abuse from the waiter. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on.

How to account for these national differences？ Look no further than psychology. People more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers. In America, where people are outgoing and expressive, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off. Icelanders by contrast, do not usually tip a measure of their introversion.

What is the original meaning of the tip？

A．It is to reward the efforts of good service.

B．It is a promise of on-time service.

C．It is used to reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.

D．It serves no useful function.

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. Why should tips exist？ The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduces uncomfortable feelings of inequality.

Such explanations no doubt explain the purported origin of tipping--in the 16th century boxes in English taverns carried the phrase "To Insure Promptitude" (later TIP). But according to new research from Cornell University, tipping no longer serves any useful function.

Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom has become institutionalized: it's regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In New York restaurants, failing to tip 15% could mean abuse from the waiter. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on.

How to account for these national differences？ Look no further than psychology. People more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers. In America, where people are outgoing and expressive, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off. Icelanders by contrast, do not usually tip--a measure of their introversion.

What is the original meaning of the tip？

A．It is to reward the efforts of good service.

B．It is a promise of on-time service.

C．It is used to reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.

D．It serves no useful function.

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but l also explain that there's a big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases they are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "you've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."

The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose works is never rewarded. When I left a 20year career in U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What ! did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building, it didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt like a good writer.

After a year I still hadn't got a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write I had dreaded about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, what if？. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadow land of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.

What does this passage want to tell us？

A．Warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience.

B．Advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer.

C．Show young people it' s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame.

D．Encourage young people to pursue a writing career.

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： It was an Italian inventor who created the first wireless device for setting out radio signals in 1895. But not until the American inventor Lee De Forest built the first amplifying vacuum tube in 1906 did we get the first radio as we know it. And the first actual radio broadcast was made on Christmas Eve of 1906. That's when someone working from an experimental station in Brand Rock, Massachusetts, arranged the program with two short musical selections of poem and brief holiday greeting. The broadcast was heard by wireless operators on ships with a radio through several hundreds miles. The following year, De Forest began regular radio broadcasts in New York. These programs were similar to much what we hear on radio today. In that, De Forest played only music. But because there were still no home radio receivers, De Forest's audiences consisted only of wireless operators on ships in New York Harbor. There is no doubt that radio broadcasting was quite a novelty in those days, but it took a while to catch on commercially. Why？ Hmm, for the simple fact that only a few people, in fact, only those who tinkered with wireless telegraphs as a hobby owned receivers. It wasn't until the 1920s that someone envisioned mass appeal for radio. This was radio pioneer David Sarnoff who predicted that one day there would be a radio receiver in every home.

Why were early radio broadcasts heard by such a small audience？

A．Few people owned the necessary equipment.

B．The music selection was not very popular.

C．Few ships came into New York harbor.

D．The radio signal was too weak to reach a mass audience.

SECTION B PASSAGES

Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.

听力原文： Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but l also explain that there's a big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases they are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "you've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."

The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose works is never rewarded. When I left a 20year career in U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What ! did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building, it didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt like a good writer.

After a year I still hadn't got a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write I had dreaded about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, what if？. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadow land of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.

What does this passage want to tell us？

A．Warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience.

B．Advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer.

C．Show young people it' s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame.

D．Encourage young people to pursue a writing career.