黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著称。要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽，通常得向上看。但要

ostdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recor ompared with their male counterparts. christopher intagliata report. As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring (指导), and have better odds of being hired. studies nigher starting also perceived as more competent than women in stem(science, technology, enging,and Mathematics) fields. and new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, too. "Say, you know, this is the best student I've ever had, "says kuheli dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at columbia university's lamont campus. "compare those excellent letters with a merely good letter: 'the candidate was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or something that's clearly.solid praise, 'but nothing that singles out the candidate as exceptional ot one of a kind." Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctor at positions in geoscience.they were all edited for gender and other idetifying information,so dutt and her team could assign them a scoer without knowing the gender of the student. they found that and women, th udes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes,he findings are in the ioumal nature geoscience. Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualificati f the apsing the data in the files. but she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at apotential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation. 3we re not trying to assign blame or criticize anyone or call anyone conscious Its of this study to open up meaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias. be it at a departmental level or an institutional level or even a discipline level "which may lead to some recommendations for the letter writers themselves what do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?A.there are many more men applying than women

B.chancers for women ti get the positin are scare.

C.more males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.

D.male applicants have more interest in these positions than their female counterparts.

what do studies about men and women in scientific research show?A.women engaged in postdoctoral work are quickly catching up

B.fewer women are applying for postdoctoral positions due to gender bias

C.men are believed to be better able to excel in stem disciplines.

D.women who are keenly interested in stem fields are often exceptional

What did dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1, 200 letters of recommendation?A.they asked unbiased scholars to evaluate them dit them

B.they invited women professionais to edit them.

C.them assigned them randomly to reviewers

D.they deleted all information about gende

what does dutt aim to do with her study?A.raise recommendation writers' awareness of gender bias in their letters

B.open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in research work

C.alert women researchers to all types of gender bias in the stem disciplines

D.start a public discussion on how to raise womens status in academic circles

What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?A.they are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.

B.they contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants

C.they provide objective information without exaggerat

D.they are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants

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ome questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage one Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage Aging happens to all of us ,and is generylly thought of as a natural part of life. It would seem silly to call such a thing a "disease".on the other hand,scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things,and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease,cancer and many more. in that light,aging itself might be seen as something treatable, the way you would treat high blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency. Biophysicist alex zhavoronkov believes that aging should be considered a disease. he said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments. "It unties the hands of the pharmaceutical(制药的)industry so that they can begin treating the disease and not just the side effects, "he said。 "Right now, people think of aging as natural and something you can't control "he said. "in academic circles, people take aging research as just an interest area where they can try to develop interventions. the medical community also takes aging for granted, and can do nothing about it except keep people within a certain health range." But if aging were recognized as a disease, he said, "it would attract funding and change the way we do health care. what matters is understanding that aging is curable. " "it was always known that the body accumulates damage, "he added. "the only way to cure aging is to find ways to repair that damage. i think of it as preventive medicine for age-related conditions. Leonard hayflick, a professor at the university of califomia, san francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. hayflick is not among them. " There 're many people who recover from cancer, stroke or heart disease. but they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease, " said."even if those causes of death were eliminated, life expectancy would still not go much beyond 92 years." what do people generally believe about aging? A. it should cause no alarm whatsoever.

B.they just cannot do anything about it.

C.it should be regarded as a kind of disease

D.they can delay it with advances in science

how do many scientists view aging now?A.it might be prevented and treated

B.it can be as risky as heart disease

C.results from a vitamin deficiency

D.it is an irreversible biological proces

what do we learn about the medical community?A.They now have a strong interest in research on aging

B.they differ from the academic circles in their view on aging.

C.they can contribute to people's health only to a limited extent.

D.they have ways to intervene in people's aging process

what does alex zhavoronkov think ofdescribing aging as a discase?A.it will prompt people to take aging more seriously.

B.it will greatly help reduce the side effects of aging

C.it will free pharmacists from the conventional beliefs about aging

D.it will motivate doctors and pharmacists to find ways to treat aging

what does professor leonard hayflick believe?A.the human lifespan cannot be prolonged.

B.aging is hardly separable from disease

C.few people live up to the age of 92

D.heart disease is the major cause of aging

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your location.

B.Call your family or friends for help.

C.Sit down and try to calm yourself.

D.Try to follow your footprints back.

23.A.You may find a way out without your knowing it.

B.You may expose yourself to unexpected dangers.

C.You may get drowned in a sudden flood.

D.You may end up entering a wonderland.

24.A.Look for food.

B.Wait patiently.

C.Start a fire.

D.Walk uphill.

25.A.Inform somebody of your plan.

B.Prepare enough food and drink.

C.Check the local weather.

D.Find a map and a compass.

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tors came to America.

B.People had plenty of land to cultivate then.

C.It marked the beginning of something new.

D.Everything was natural and genuine then.

20.A.They believed in working for goals.

B.They enjoyed living a living a life of ease.

C.They had all kinds of entertainment.

D.They were known to be creative.

21.A.Chatting with her ancestors.

B.Furnishing her country house.

C.Polishing all the silver work.

D.Doing needlework by the fire.

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st space program started.

B.When the International Space Station was built.

C.How many space shuttle missions there will be.

D.How space research benefits people on Earth.

18.A.They are extremely accurate.

B.They are expensive to make.

C.They were first made in space.

D.They were invented in the 1970s.

17.A.They accurately calculated the speed of the orbiting shuttles.

B.They developed objects for astronauts to use in outer space.

C.They tried to meet astronauts' specific requirements.

D.They tried to make best use of the latest technology.

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ve to the dynamics of a negotiation.

B.They see the importance of making compromises.

C.They know when to adopt a tough attitude.

D.They take the rival’s attitude into account.

13.A.They know how to adapt.

B.They know when to make compromises.

C.They know when to stop.

D.They know how to control their emotion.

14.A.They are patient.

B.They learn quickly.

C.They are good at expression.

D.They uphold their principles.

15.A.Make clear one's intentions.

B.Formulate one's strategy.

C.Clarify items of negotiation.

D.Get to know the other side.

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y’.

B.Her wedding anniversary.

C.A call from her dad.

D.A special gift from the man.

9.A.Gave her a big model plane.

B.Took her on a trip overseas.

C.Bought her a good necklace.

D.Threw her a surprise party.

11.A.He will be glad to be a guide for the couple’s holiday trip.

B.He will tell the women the secret if her husband agrees.

C.He is eager to learn how the couple’s holiday turns out.

D.He wants to find out about the couple’s holiday plan.

10.A.The gift her husband has bought.

B.The trip her husband has planned.

C.What has been troubling her husband.

D.What her husband and the man are up to.

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s of highway construction.

B.Generating electric power for passing vehicles.

C.Providing clean energy to five million people.

D.Testing the efficiency of the new solar panel.

4.

A.They can stand the wear and tear of natural elements.

B.They can be laid right on top of existing highways.

C.They are only about half an inch thick.

D.They are made from cheap materials.

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Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.

A.Endless fighting in the region.

B.The hazards from the desert.

C.Inadequate funding for research.

D.The lack of clues about the species.

6.A.To observe the wildlife in the two national parks.

B.To identify the reasons for the lions’ disappearance.

C.To study the habitat of lions in Sudan and Ethiopia.

D.To find evidence of the existence of the “lost lions”.

7.A.Lions walking.

B.Lions’ tracks.

C.Some camping facilities.

D.Traps set by local hunters

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Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.A.Her friend Erika.

B.Her little brother.

C.Her grandfather.

D.Her grandmother.

2.A.By taking pictures for passers-by.

B.By working part time at a hospital.

C.By selling lemonade and pictures.

D.By asking for help on social media.

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