The main purpose of this writing is to __________. 查看

看材料

A.they are classified in a similar way

B.they have the same influence on people"s life

C.both of them may take on different forms

D.both of them may have basic elements mixed in them

A.overlooked internal physical reactions

B.exaggerated the function of stimulating events

C.faced a challenge from counter evidence

D.offered a narrow interpretation of emotions

根据以下材料，回答题

Emotions

Emotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or thoughts. People enjoy feeling such pleasant emotions as love， happiness， and contentment. They often try to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions， such as loneliness， worry， and grief.

Individuals communicate most of their emotions by means of words， a variety of sounds，facial expressions， and gestures. For example， anger causes many people to frown， make a fist， and yell. People learn ways of showing some of their emotions from members of their society， though heredity （遗传） may determine some emotional behavior. Research has shown that different isolated peoples show emotions by means of similar facial expressions.

Charles Darwin， famous for the theory of natural selection， also studied emotion. Darwin said in 1872 that emotional behavior. originally served both as an aid to survival and as a method of communicating intentions. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions developed in the 1880s， people feel emotions only if aware of their own internal physical reactions to events， such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. But this theory was not upheld by research on cats that had their nervous systems damaged. The cats could not feel their body"s internal changes， but they showed normal emotional behavior. John B. Watson， an American psychologist who helped found the school of psychology called behaviorism， observed that babies stimulated by certain events showed three basic emotions- fear， anger， and love. Watson"s view has been challenged frequently since he proposed it in 1919.

The most widely accepted view is that emotions occur as a complex sequence of events. The sequence begins when a person encounters an important event or thought. The person"s interpretation of the encounter determines the feeling that is likely to follow. For example， someone who encounters a bear in the woods would probably interpret the event as dangerous. The sense of danger would cause the individual to feel fear. Each feeling is followed by physical changes and desires to take action， which are responses to the event that started the sequence. Thus， a person who met a bear would probably run away.

Several American psychologists independently developed the theory that there are eight basic emotions. These emotions —— which can exist at various levels of intensity—— are anger， fear， joy，sadness， acceptance， disgusts， surprise， and interest or curiosity. They combine to form. all other emotions， just as certain basic colors produce all others.

It can be inferred from the second paragraph that those who are born blind __________. 查看材料

A.have emotions different from those of sighted persons

B.have some facial expression like those of sighted persons

C.depend only on words to express their feelings

D.seldom communicate with other people by means of gestures

料

A.Tony Blair.

B.Charles 11.

C.Jim Callaghan.

D.Andrew Turnbull.

料

A.Going to church.

B.Going to work in the office.

C.Staying at home.

D.Going to a party.

根据以下材料，回答题

Is the Tie a Necessity?

Ties， or neckties， have been a symbol of politeness and elegance in Britain for centuries. But the casual Prime Minister Tony Blair has problems with them. Reports suggest that even the civil servants may stop wearing ties. So， are the famously formal British really going to abandon the neckties?

Maybe Last week， the UK"s Cabinet Secretary Andrew Turnbull openly welcomed a tieless era. He hinted that civil servants would soon be free of the costliest 12 inches of fabric that most men ever buy in their lives.

In fact， Blair showed this attitude when he had his first guests to a cocktail party. Many of them were celebrities （知名人士） without ties， which would have been unimaginable even in the recent past.

For some more conservative British， the tie is a must for proper appearance. Earlier， Labor leader Jim Callaghan said he would have died rather than have his children seen in public without a tie. For people like Callaghan， the tie was a sign of being complete， of showing respect. Men were supposed to wear a tie when going to church， to work in the office， to a party——almost every social occasion.

But today， people have begun to accept a casual style. even for formal occasions.

The origin of the tie is tricky. It started as something called simply a "band". The term could mean anything around a man"s neck. It appeared in finer ways in the 1630s. Frenchmen showed a love of this particular fashion statement. Their neckwear （颈饰） impressed Charles II， the king of England who was exiled （流放） to France at that time. When he returned to England in 1660， he brought this new fashion item along with him.

It wasn"t， however， until the late 18th century that fancy young men introduced a more colorful， flowing piece of cloth that eventually became known as the tie. Then， clubs military institutions and schools began to use colored and patterned ties to indicate the wearer"s membership in the late 19th century. After that， the tie became a necessary item of clothing for British gentlemen.

But now， even gentlemen are getting tired of ties. Anyway， the day feels a bit easier when you wake up without having to decide which tie suits you and your mood.

The tie symbolizes all of the following except __________. 查看材料

A.respect

B.elegance

C.politeness

D.democracy

Paragraph 4 __________. 查看材料

A.Provide clean water

B.Dig oil wells

C.Save clean water

D.Don"t litter

E.Don"t be crude

F.Protect wildlife

Paragraph 3 __________. 查看材料

A.Provide clean water

B.Dig oil wells

C.Save clean water

D.Don"t litter

E.Don"t be crude

F.Protect wildlife

Paragraph 2__________. 查看材料

A.Provide clean water

B.Dig oil wells

C.Save clean water

D.Don"t litter

E.Don"t be crude

F.Protect wildlife

根据以下材料，回答题

Earth Angels

（1） Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts （烟头） were littering her hometown beach in Isle of Palms， South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate， she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Butts on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others， Joying also bought or received donations of gallon-size plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hitting the beach. Two years later. Joying says the buckets are full and the beach is nearly free of cigarette debris （残片） .

（2） People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs， Colorado have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many species of wildlife.

Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife， Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about， among other things， where fences and parking areas should be built.

（3） Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria， Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water， a real danger in rural areas， where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now， the "Don"t Be Crude" program runs oil collection sites——tanks that hold up to 460 gallons- where people in the community can dispose of their oil.

（4） Five years ago， 11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn"t have clean water， and that as little as $70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted，" says Ryan， of Kemptville，Ontario， in Canada. "In other countries， you have to plan for it." Ryan earned the first $70 by doing extra chores （零工） ， but with the help of others， he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars.

（5） His efforts led to the start of the Ryan"s Well Foundation， which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.

Paragraph 1__________. 查看材料

A.Provide clean water

B.Dig oil wells

C.Save clean water

D.Don"t litter

E.Don"t be crude

F.Protect wildlife