Anderson's new theory is controversial for asserting that Britain might
have retained its North American empire had George III's ministers proceeded
less precipitously. But as Anderson himself concedes to previous historians like
Henvel and Rhimes, there was no indication whether the persistence of imperial
(5) authority would have made much difference for any of the parties involved. At
most, these efforts would have endowed the British government with a
"hollow" empire, wherein the exercise of effective authority would depend on
the consent of the colonists and their representatives. While the grip on their
colonies was questionable, the British had no option but to curtail their
(10) authority, and at no point was the decision to do so more than a temporary
expedient. Once the war in French Canada was resolved, England attempted to
terminate the costly practices of Indian gift giving and to levy new taxation.
Under such circumstances, moreover, Britain would have been able to offer
only limited protections to any of America's other inhabitants, especially the
(15) Indians whose lands in the Ohio Valley were already being encroached upon by a
steady influx of European settlers. In a sense, the Seven Years' War ended up
confirming the "American" character of Britain's North American empire, an
entity over which metropolitan authority had never been more than tenuous.
Anderson's hypothesis concerning French Canada is corroborated both by
(20) the events of the American Revolution, and, less successfully, the
contemporaneous case of India, where the British successfully implemented the
colonial strategy Anderson recommends. As witnessed in Iroquoia, the Mughal
Empire's progressive collapse during the later 1740s and 1750s drew the
British, who had been in India as traders since the early seventeenth century,
(25) ever more deeply into politics on the subcontinent, first as the auxiliaries of
local grandees and eventually as political actors in their own right. When the
East India Company governed in Bengal, it did so by virtue of cleverly acting as
the Mughal Emperor's diwani (a Muslim office roughly analogous to a European
tax farmer). Despite the temptation to act unilaterally, the company's officials
(30) were never ignorant of the fact that they owed their authority to the cooperation
of local elites, who in turn accepted British rule assuming they could employ it
to their own advantage.
Anderson notes that although there were undoubtedly the vast differences
between them, India's experience of British rule during the eighteenth century
(35) points to the same devolution of imperial agency as in America. It is a pattern
Jack P. Greene has identified as "negotiated authority", whereby the unlimited
powers claimed by officials at the empire's center were subject to constant
revision by indigenous brokers on the periphery. Despite the fact that the
Indian colonial possessions were more enduring as a result, Anderson
(40) nevertheless fails to successfully argue that the British could have retained other
parts of their empire for a more significant period through any of the means he
has suggested.
The passage can best be described as a
A.survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpoint
B.reconciliation of opposing points of view
C.summary and evaluation of a recent study
D.defense of a new thesis from anticipated objections
E.review of the subtle distinctions between apparently similar views
第1题
A、“选项”对话框中“文档-常规”选项中的“填充开放式曲线”
B、 “选项”对话框中“常规”选项中的“填充颜色对话框”
C、默认弹出菜单中的“设置填充颜色”
D、不用选择任何复选项
第2题
A.“Define Color”(定义颜色)对话框
B.“Color Options”(颜色选项)对话框
C.“Character Specifications”(文字规格)对话框
D.“Filland Stroke”(填充与线型)对话框
第6题
A.选择画笔工具绘制一条路径时,画笔工具右下角会显示一个小的x,表示正在绘制一条任意形状路径
B.在画笔工具预置对话框中,Fidelity值越大,所画曲线上的节点越少,值越小,所画曲线上的节点越多
C.在画笔工具预置对话框中,Smoothness值越大,所画曲线与画笔移动的方向差别越大,值越小,所画曲线与画笔移动的方向差别越小
D.在画笔工具预置对话框中,Fillnewbrushstrokes(填充新画笔路径)选项若被选中,则使用画笔新生成的开放路径被填充颜色
第8题
第9题
在Excel“单元格格式”对话框的“对齐”选项卡中,“水平对齐”下拉列表中不包括(3)选项。
A.靠上
B.填充
C.跨列居中
D.两端对齐
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