A series of experiments were carried out by B. Lat...

A series of experiments were carried out by B. Latane and J. Darley. They studied the reaction of bystanders to emergency situations. Since car accidents, drownings, fires, attempted suicide, and the like arouse feelings of fear and morbid interest, these situations attract large numbers of people who stand fascinated watching the event. Yet, it is a strange aspect of crowd behavior. that often nothing is done to help the victim.

【71】Journalists writing of such events often claimed that this kind of behavior. is due to apathy, indifference, or lack of concern. To account for any bystander's decision to act or not to act, the authors of the paper ask us to consider the basic characteristics of an emergency situation.

Emergencies involve threat or harm certainly to the victim and possibly to those who try to help him (or her). The events are highly unusual, different from the normal course of life and also from each other.【72】Since little secondhand wisdom on the subject is available, it is difficult to cope with a genuine emergency by relying on such worn-out clichés as "Women and children first" or "Send for the police."

The authors tell us that it is perhaps surprising that anyone should intervene at all.【73】

Latane and Darley were interested, therefore, in trying to isolate the factors that make a person decide to act. It seemed to them that an individual is more likely to take action when he or she is alone than when part of a group. Latane and Darley theorized that when only one bystander is present, he or-she must judge the situation alone and decide whether to act or not. Only the bystander is responsible for the decision. The presence of other people, however, affects a person's assessment of the costs and rewards of intervention.【74】

The results of the experiments confirmed the theory. They showed that the immediate social environment is more important in determining a person's reaction to an emergency than are such vague cultural or personality concepts as "apathy" or "indifference." They also help to explain why the failure to intervene seems more common in large cities than in rural areas. In large cities, the members of the crowd that gathers do not take action because they do not feel individually responsible. They may be concerned, but they watch one another, uncertain of how to act, knowing that responsibility is shared. In rural areas, however, witnesses to an emergency are likely to be alone. They must take all the responsibility for their actions and are not made embarrassed or unsure by the presence of others.【75】

A. Thus, people have little experience with handling them.

B. They are, therefore, more likely to come to the aid of the victim.

C. The police asked some of the bystanders about the accident.

D. The investigators had noted this phenomenon and asked themselves why in most cases bystanders do not act.

E. This is because when there is a group, responsibility is diffused over all the members.

F. But people do sometimes intervene.

(71)

occurs when a series of synchronization objects we held in a preemptive system inSuch a way that no process can move forwar

A.Spin Lock

B.Mutex

C.Deadlock

D.Schedule

Through a series of experiments an American scientist has obtained an understanding of the social structure of the most complex of ant societies. The ants examined are the only creatures other than man to have given up hunting and collecting for a completely agricultural way of life. In their underground nests they cultivate gardens on soil made from finely chopped leaves. This is a complex operation requiring considerable division of labor. The workers of this type of ants can be divided into four groups according to size. Each of the groups performs a particular set of jobs.

The making and care of the gardens and the nursing of the young ants are done by the smallest workers. Slightly larger workers are responsible for chopping up leaves to make them suitable for use in the gardens and for cleaning the nest. A third group of still larger ants do the construction work and collect fresh leaves from outside the nest. The largest are the soldier ants, responsible for defending the nest.

To find out how good the various size-groups are at different tasks, the scientist measured the amount of work done by the ants against the amount of energy they used. He examined first the gathering and carrying of leaves. He selected one of the size-groups, and then measured how efficiently these ants could find leaves and nm back to the nest. Then he repeated the experiment for each of the other size-groups. In this way he could see whether any group could do the job more efficiently than the group normally undertaking it.

The intermediate-sized ants that normally perform. this task proved to be the most efficient for their energy costs, but when the scientist examined the whole set of jobs performed by each group of ants it appeared that some sizes of worker ants were not ideally suited to the particular jobs they performed.

In what way are the ants different from other non-human societies?

A．They do not need to search for food.

B．They do not need to look for shelter.

C．Individuals vary in social status.

D．Individuals perform. different functions.

6. The Crusades The crusades were a series of religious wars in western Asia and Europe initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Catholic Church between the 11th and the 17th century. The crusades differed from other religious conflicts in that participants considered them a penitential exercise that brought absolution. Historians contest the definition of the term with some restricting it to armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem, others including all Catholic military campaigns with a promise of spiritual benefits, all Catholic "holy wars" or those with characteristic religious fervor. The most well-known are those fought against the Muslims of the eastern Mediterranean for the Holy Land between 1096 and 1271. Crusades were also fought from the 12th century against the Iberian Moors, the Ottoman Empire and for a variety of other reasons. These included fighting pagans, the suppression of heresy and the resolution of conflict between Catholic groups. In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. He encouraged military support for the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I against the Seljuk Turks and an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A precedent was set by the enthusiastic western European response across all social strata. Historians debate the combination of motivations of the volunteers who took a public vow—the prospect of mass ascension into Heaven at Jerusalem, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, economic and political advantage are all considered. Four Crusader states were established in the Near East: the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli. This was a presence that remained in some form until Acre, the last mainland outpost, fell in 1291, after which there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land. The Reconquista, the struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, was proclaimed a crusade in 1123 and ended with the fall of Emirate of Granada in 1492. The Northern Crusades that brought the pagan tribes of north-eastern Europe under Christian control were considered crusades from 1147. The papacy began the practice of proclaiming political crusades against disobedient Christian rulers with Pope Innocent III in 1199. From 1208 in Languedoc, crusading was used against heretics continuing in Savoy and Bohemia in the 15th century and against Protestants in the 16th century. Crusading was used in response to the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-14th century, only ending with the War of the Holy League in 1699. 12. Which one was not the Crusader state founded in the Near East?

A、The County of Edessa.

B、The Principality of Antioch.

C、The Kingdom of Jerusalem.

D、The Kingdom of Tripoli.

After a series of wars with the neighbors, the Romans gained vast territory and declared the Mediterranean: Mare Nostrum, meaning “___________”.

A.our sea

B.mother sea

C.sea inside

D.perfect sea

The motion picture is only a series of still photographs which are split and viewed in rapid ______ to create the illusion of movement and continuity.

A．sequence

B．succession

C．transmission

D．conveyance

What is the main reason for dollar's weakness?

A．A series worse-than-expected data were released.

B．German Bundesbank was reluctant to cut rate.

C．Technical factors.

D．All of the above.