The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impress...

iterature,science,philosophy,educationandreligion.Althoughdiefoundationofmanyofthesewasclassical,theysoonexpandedbeyondthemeasureofGreekandRomaninfluence.Indeed,manyoftheachievementsinpainting,science,politicsandreligionborelittlerelationtotheclassicalheritage.Secondly,theRenaissanceincorporatedanumberofdominantideasandattitudesthatgaveittheimpressofauniquesociety.Notableamongtheseingeneralwereoptimism,andindividualism;butthemostsignificantofthemallwashumanism.Initsbroadestmeaninghumanismmaybedefinedasemphasisonthehumanvalues.ItwasatermderivedfromCicero,whouseditinthesenseofdevotiontotheliberalarts,orthesubjectsmostcompatiblewiththedignityofman.ThehumanistsrejectedtheScholasticphilosophywithitspreoccupationwiththeologyandlogic.Theystroveforasmoothandelegan..

Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the re- sources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of "scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination." The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, ma- chine tools, and machine parts.

Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, With the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos, meaning "human", and logos, meaning "study of". By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race.

Professional literatures have been regarded as "intangible assets" of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.

You know as well as I do that scientists who misuse their science and their knowledge in order to make nuclear arms, or poison gas, or to manipulate genes could always be found and can still be found. I have often wondered what is going on in the minds of such people. Do they not know what they are doing？ Are they tempted in their well-paid jobs by the men behind the scenes？ Or are they so obsessed with the hatred of an alien ideological concept or a foreign nation that they accept any means to kill their enemies, even though they are certainly aware that the whole world may be destroyed？

72. Without doubt we can only agree with the Russian academician and biologist W. A. Engelhardt, who raised the question of the increasing responsibility of scholars and scientists in view of increasing global dangers, in the origin of which their creators, that is to say the scientists, have participated. Above all this reproach is directed towards the natural sciences. Nevertheless we are not able to and will not slow down the process of scientific progress.

There is no way back into some illusive idyll. The people who are dangerous are those who, wherever they are in the world, dedicate their knowledge and their talents to killing or even to possible world war. I think it is also a task for peace research to investigate the personality, the psyche, the motivations of scientists who believe in the possibility of solving the serious problems of humankind by technological means. A still typical example of such narrow-mindedness was and unfortunately still is the assumption that SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) could eliminate the danger of a nuclear strike against the USA.

73. We must always be aware---to loosely cite the reflections of the English Nobel prize winner M. H. F. Wikins--that dealing with science does not necessarily turn us into better human beings. On the contrary, research work that corresponds with our ideals demands very much from us as human beings. We need a great sense of responsibility and much energy in order to conduct creative research work for peace, and we have to remain modest in order as scientists to maintain our humanity.

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【S1】Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. 【S2】 In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. 【S3】 Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. 【S4】 They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that 【S5】 a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providing computer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform. the telecommunications industry and the Internet.【S6】 "This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today," said Mr. Powell. He added that 【S7】the rules goveming the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail,【S8】 and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, 【S9】 once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, 【S10】 companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.

【S1】

The unprecedented U. S. economic boom of the last half of the 1990s was propelled by investment in digital technology. Investors sank billions of dollars into dot-com startups. Billions more were invested to solve the Y2K problem. Conversion to the euro required still more billions. together, these star-aligned events delivered an enormous economic stimulus.【1】Between 1998 and 2000 ,capital spending's share of the economy was 23 percent higher than at the start of the'90s--and 18 percent higher than today. The weakened economy of the past three years represents the inevitable payback for that abnormal bulge.

【2】The good news is that the present economic softness has been cushioned by new technology.

Sophisticated information systems have allowed companies to manage inventories more efficiently. today, aggregate nonfarm inventories in the United States, when measured against final sales, are 30 percent lower than the average for the past 40 years. So routine pullbacks in consumer spending should no longer be followed by severe inventory corrections, which worsen recessions. In fact, the brief, eight-month recession

from March to November 2001 is the shortest of the nine recessions since World War Ⅱ.

【3】The bad news is that companies are using new technology to displace higher-cost human effort. Indeed, annual productivity is increasing by 2 percent, the economy is growing at 3 percent and the stock market is recovering, but unemployment is at 6 percent Granted. that's below the average rate of 7 percent from 1979 to 1994, but it's above the 5 percent average of the past nine years.【4】As consumers, we appreciate the lower-cost, higher-quality goods coming from both U. S. and overseas sources. As shareholders, we applaud better corporate returns. But as wage earners, we are distressed at job insecurity and losses.

【5】Given the unrelenting pressure on businesses to reduce costs to remain competitive, given the power of new technologies to displace workers, and given the lure of lower-labor-cost nations for offshore production and services, how can unemployment be minimized while the overall economy grows？

The only long-run solution is innovation. Innovative products and services are essential to generate new businesses and jobs so the economy can grow at the pace needed to absorb available labor: 4 to 5 percent. New work will require retraining because new businesses are likely to be heavily dependent on knowledge workers; there will be a premium on education. Whatever might be the new technologies that will stimulate economic expansion, they will depend on an educated work force. America must have the social and political will to address the educational demands of this high-technology-driven era.

The improbable chain of events that leads Alexander Fleming 1.______

to discover penicillin in 1928 is the stuff which scientific myths 2.______

are made. It was a discovery that would change the course of the

history, The active ingredient in that mold, which Fleming

named penicillin, turned to be an infection-fighting agent of 3.______

enormous potency. When it was finally recognized as what it

was—the efficacious life-saving drug in the world—penicillin 4.______

would alter forever the treatment of bacterial infections. By the

middle of the century, Fleming's discovery spawned a huge phar- 5.______

maceutical industry, churning out synthetic penicillin that would

conquer some of man-kind's most ancient scourges, including

syphilis, gangrene, and tuberculosis.

When he died a heart attack in 1955, he was mourned by 6.______

the world and buried as a national hero in the crypt of St. Paul's

Cathedral in London. Although Fleming's scientific work in and

of itself may not have reached great, his singular contribution 7.______

changed the practice of medicine. He deserves our utmost recog-

nition. At the same time, we must bear on mind that the 8.______

"Fleming Myth", as he called it, embodies the accomplishments

of many giants of anti-biotic development. Fleming is but a cho-

sen representative for the likes of Florey, Chain, Domagk, and

Waksman, many of who remain, sadly, virtual unknowns. 9.______

Their achievements have made the world a better, healthier

place. In commemorating Fleming, and we commemorate them 10.______

all.

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Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are two computer-related technologies that may cast a large shadow on education. Much of school planning may be done not by human agents but by programs created by human agents; and much of what was once accomplished by textbooks and occasional field trips will now be performed in virtual reality. One can ask: what is the truth value of materials prepared entirely by non-human entities？

In a turnabout from previous trends, the acquisition of credentials may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themselves (largely if not wholly) and to exhibit their mastery in a simulated setting. Why pay $120, 000 to go to law school, if one can "read law" as in earlier times and then demonstrate one's legal skills via computer simulation？ Or learn to fly a plane by similar means, for that matter？

Technology has revolutionized the world in which schools operate. Now it's time for education to catch up to change.

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

Genius

The greatest results in life are attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities. The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind; and 41. its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement. 42. The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing; and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest: spirit, will usually be the most successful.

Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness; but fortune is not so blind as men are. 43. Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious, as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators. In the pursuit of even the highest branches of human inquiry, the commoner qualities are found the most useful, such as common sense, attention, application, and perseverance.

Genius may not be necessary, though even genius of the highest sort does not disdain the use of these ordinary qualities. 44. The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the power of genius, and as worldly wise and persevering as successful men of the commoner sort. 45. Some have even defined genius to be only common sense intensified. A distinguished teacher and president of a college spoke of it as the power of making efforts. John Foster held it to be the power of lighting one's own fire. Buffon said of genius "it is patience".

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