Globally, most smokers start smoking before the ag...

只需填写所选单词前的大写字母。Bans on smoking in bars and restaurants can greatly improve the air quality in such establishments. For example, one study listed on the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that New York's statewide law to 1)_______ smoking in enclosed workplaces and public places substantially reduced RSP (respirable suspended particles) levels in western New York 2) ___________ venues. RSP levels were reduced in every venue that permitted smoking before the law was implemented, including venues in which only second-hand smoke from an adjacent room was 3) ______________ at baseline. The CDC concluded that their results were 4) _______ to other studies which also showed substantially improved indoor air quality after smoking bans. A 2004 study showed New Jersey bars and restaurants had more than nine times the levels of indoor air pollution of neighboring New York City, which had enacted its ban. Research has also shown that improved air quality translates to decreased toxin 5) _______ among employees. For example, among employees of the Norwegian establishments that enacted smoking bans, tests showed improved (decreased) levels of nicotine in the urine of both smoking and non-smoking workers (as compared with measurements prior to the ban). 1) _______

By citing the surgeon general's statement, the author intends to explain______.

A．why smoking outdoors should be banned

B．that outdoor exposure causes substantial health damage

C．that the argument of outdoor-smoking-ban advocates is not solid

D．how the outdoor smoking ban in fact increases smoking exposure

A bite of a cookie containing peanuts could cause the airway to constrict fatally. Sharing a toy with another child who had earlier eaten a peanut butter and jelly sandwich could raise a case of hives. A peanut butter cup dropped in a Halloween bag could contaminate the rest of the treats, posing an unknown risk.

These are the scenarios that "make your bone marrow turn cold" according to L. Val Giddings, vice president for food and agriculture of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. Besides representing the policy interests of food biotech companies in Washington, D. C., Giddings is the father of a four-year-old boy with a severe peanut allergy. Peanuts are only one of the most allergenic foods; estimates of the number of people who experience a reaction to the beans hover around 2 percent of the population.

Giddings says that peanuts are only one of several foods that biotechnologists are altering genetically in an attempt to eliminate the proteins that do great harm to some people's immune systems. Although soy allergies do not usually cause life-threatening reactions, the scientists are also targeting soybeans, which can be found in two thirds of all manufactured food, making the supermarket a minefield for people allergic to soy. Biotechnologists are focusing on wheat, too, and might soon expand their research to the rest of the "big eight" allergy-inducing foods: tree nuts, milk, eggs, shellfish and fish.

Last September, for example, Anthony J. Kinney, a crop genetics researcher at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Del., and his colleagues reported using a technique called RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the genes that encode p34, a protein responsible for causing 65 percent of all soybean allergies. RNAi exploits the mechanism that cells use to protect themselves against foreign genetic material; it causes a cell to destroy RNA transcribed from a given gene, effectively turning off the gene.

Whether the public will accept food genetically modified to be low-allergen is still unknown. Courtney Chabot Dreyer, a spokesperson for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a subsidiary of DuPont, says that the company will conduct studies to determine whether a promising market exists for low allergen soy before developing the seeds for sale to farmers. She estimates that Pioneer Hi-Bred is seven years away from commercializing the altered soybeans.

Doug Gurian-Sherman, scientific director of the biotechnology project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest—a group that has advocated enhanced Food and Drug Administration oversight for genetically modified foods—comments that his organization would not oppose low-allergen foods if they prove to be safe. But he wonders about "identity preservation" a term used in the food industry to describe the deliberate separation of genetically engineered and no nengineered products. A batch of nonengineered peanuts or soybeans might contaminate machinery reserved for low-allergen versions, he suggests, reducing the benefit of the gene-altered food. Such issues of identity preservation could make low-allergen genetically modified foods too costly to produce, Chabot Dreyer admits. But, she says, "it's still too early to see if that's true. "

According to the text, foods have been genetically altered to______.

A．taste more delicious

B．to cure people's ineffectiveness in immune system

C．to promote sales of peanut

D．to lower the chance to get allergy

听力原文： Scientific evidence has been building about the dangers to people who do not smoke from those who do. Now the top doctor in the United States says the evidence cannot be argued: secondhand tobacco smoke is a serious public health risk.

Recently Surgeon General Richard Carmona released the government's largest report ever on secondhand smoke. For example, it says nonsmokers increase their risk of lung cancer by up to thirty percent if they live with a smoker.

He noted the added dangers faced by children who have to breathe secondhand smoke. These children are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, severe breathing problems and ear infections. The report says smoking by parents also slows lung growth in their children.

Scientists have estimated that secondhand smoke kills about fifty thousand adults in the United States each year.

The report says separating smokers from nonsmokers or trying to clean the air in buildings is not enough protection. Doctor Carmona noted the progress in establishing smoke-free public places in the United States. Blood tests show that Americans are being exposed to secondhand smoke in fewer numbers and at lower levels since the late 1980s.

What does the passage say about the secondhand smoke?

A．It threatens public health.

B．It gets more serious in the United States.

C．It is more dangerous than AIDS.

D．It is a topic of public debate.

听力原文：M: Good morning, Percy.

W: Trevor, you have one of the most unusual stories I've ever heard. Yet, nowadays, you seem to lead a very ordinary life.

M: Yes, Percy. I’m a dentist. I live and work in London.

W: But at one time you used to have a different job?

M: Yes, I was a soldier.

W: A soldier?

M: That's right.

W: And how long ago was that?

M: Oh, about two thousand years ago.

W: That's right. Trevor Cartridge believes that he was a soldier in the army of Julius Caesar. He remembers coming to Britain with the Roman army two thousand years ago. Trevor, tell us your remarkable story ... in your own words!

M: Well, funnily enough, it all began because I wanted to give up smoking.

W: Give up smoking?

M: Mm, I used to smoke too much and I tried to give up several times, but I always started smoking again a few days later. In the end I went to a hypnotist. He hypnotized me, and I stopped smoking at once I was delighted, as you can imagine.

W: Yes.:

M: That made me very interested in hypnotism, and I talked to the hypnotist about it. He told me that some people could remember their past lives when they were hypnotized, and he asked if I wanted to try. I didn't believe it at first, but in the end I agreed. He hypnotized me, mid sure enough I was a Roman soldier in Caesar's army.

W: You didn't believe it at first?

M: I didn't believe it before we tried the experiment. Now I'm absolutely convinced it's true.

(20)

A．Caesar's army.

B．Give up smoking.

C．Hypnotism.

D．Ordinary life.

听力原文：M: Good morning, Percy.

W: Trevor, you have one of the most unusual stories I've ever heard. Yet, nowadays, you seem to lead a very ordinary life.

M: Yes, Percy. I'm a dentist. I live and work in London.

W: But at one time you used to have a different job?

M: Yes, I was a soldier.

W: A soldier?

M: That's right.

W: And how long ago was that?

M: Oh, about two thousand years ago.

W: That's right. Trevor Cartridge believes that he was a soldier in the array of Julius Caesar. He remembers coming to Britain with the Roman army two thousand years ago, Trevor, tell us your remark able story...in your awn words!

M: Well, funnily enough, it all began because I wanted to give up smoking.

W: Give up smoking?

M: Mm, I used to smoke too much and I tried to give up several times, but I always started smoking again a few days later. In the end I went to a hypnotist. He hypnotized me, and I stopped smoking at once I was delighted, ms you can imagine.

W: Yes?

M: That made me very interested in hypnotism, and I talked to the hypnotist about it. He told me that some people could remember their past lives when they were hypnotized, and he asked if I wanted to try. I didn't believe it at first, but in the end I agreed, He hypnotized me, and sure enough I was a Roman soldier in Caesar's army.

W: You didn't believe it at first?

M: I didn't believe it before we tried the experiment. Now I’m absolutely convinced it's true.

(20)

A．Caesar's army.

B．Give up smoking.

C．Hypnotism.

D．Ordinary life.

The single most shattering statistic about life in America in the late 1990s was that tobacco killed more people than the combined total of those who died from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, murder, suicide, illegal drugs and fire. The deaths of more than 400, 000 Americans each year, 160, 000 of them from lung cancer, make a strong case for the prohibition of tobacco, and particularly of cigarettes. The case, backed by solid evidence, has been made in every public arena since the early 1950s, when the first convincing link between smoking and cancer was established in clinical and epidemiological studies—yet 50 million Americans still go on smoking. tobacco-related illness. It is a remarkable story, clearly told, astonishingly well documented and with a transparent moral motif.

Most smokers in America eventually manage to quit, and local laws banning smoking in public have become common, but the industry prospers. The tobacco companies have survived virtually everything their opponents have thrown at them. At the end of his story, Mr. Brandt writes: "The legal assault on Big Tobacco had been all but repelled. The industry was decidedly intact, ready to do business profitably at home and abroad. "Although the conclusion is not to his liking, Mr. Brandt's is the first full and convincing explanation of how they pulled it off.

Cigarettes overcame any lingering opposition to the pleasure they gave when American soldiers came to crave them during the World War I. War, says Mr. Brandt, was "a critical watershed in establishing the cigarette as a dominant product in modern consumer culture. " Cigarettes were sexy, and the companies poured money into advertising. By 1950 Americans smoked 350 billion cigarettes a year and the industry accounted for 3.5% of consumer spending on non-durables. The first 50 years of the"cigarette century"were a golden era for Big Tobacco.

That was simply because, until the 1940s, not enough men had been smoking for long enough to develop fatal cancers (women did not reach this threshold until the 1970s). The first clinical and epidemiological studies linking eigarette-smoking and lung cancer were published only in 1950. By 1953 the six leading companies had agreed that a collective response was required. They paid handsomely for a public-relations campaign that insistently denied any proof of a causal connection between smoking and cancer. This worked well until 1964, when a devastating report from the surgeon-general's advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking.

But Big Tobacco rode the punches. When the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that health warnings must appear on each pack, the industry, consented. But it shrewdly exploited the warning: "In a culture that emphasised individual responsibility, smokers would bear the blame for willful risk-taking," notes Mr. Brandt. Many cases for damages against the companies foundered on that rock. Cigarette-makers also marshaled their numerous allies in Congress to help the passage of a law that bypassed federal agencies such as the FTC, and made Congress itself solely responsible for tobacco regulation. Describing the pervasive influence of tobacco lobbyists, he says: "Legislation from Congress testified to the masterful preparation and strategic command of the tobacco industry. "

However, the industry was powerless to prevent a flood of damaging internal documents, leaked by insiders. The companies were shown, for instance, to have cynically disregarded evidence from their in-house researchers about the addictive properties of nicotine. Internal papers also showed that extra nicotine was added to cigarettes to guarantee smokers sufficient" satisfaction".

Despite such public-relations disasters, the industry continued to win judgments, most significantly when the Supreme Court rejected by five votes to four a potentially calamitous attack that

A．Allan Brandt is a writer of great talent for writing.

B．the tobacco industry was just out of a heavy fine.

C．most of the Americans died from lung cancer.

D．the book on a history of the cigarette is unintelligible.

They first arrived on British ships almost 200 years ago, with the aim of cutting back a rapid growth of rat (鼠) population. Then the cats themselves became the problem. After dealing with the rats", they turned to birds-and now hundreds of them have been killed in a move to protect rare (稀有) birds. Even cat lovers have been persuaded to back the move, after being told that there was no other choice.

When British sailors took control of Ascension Island in 1815, they found nobody living on it but that it was overrun with rats which had escaped from sinking ships. They introduced cats to kill the rats-and were soon overrun by cats. By 1820 they were sending back to England for dogs to kill the cats, but that didn' t work. Ever since the wild cat population has been attacking the birds.

Man introduced these cats, and it has disturbed the balance. Ascension Island is a most important seabird gathering place. We have to undo man' s mistake in bringing cats here. Action has been taken to kill off wild cats for the protection of birds. Only cats raised as pets are allowed. Since they are micro-chipped (加电子芯片的), if they get caught they can be sent back to their owner. The action can be considered rather successful. The cat population is down to the last few-they're the most difficult ones to catch.

The best title for the text would be _______.

A．Killing Cats to Save Rats

B．Problems with Shipping Cats

C．Fighting between Cats and Rats

D．Keeping the Rat Population Down

D

They first arrived on British ships almost 200 years ago， with the aim of cutting back a rapid growth of rat (鼠) population. Then the cats themselves became the problem. After dealing with the rats， they turned to birds-and now hundreds of them have been killed in a move to protect rare (稀有) birds. Even cat lovers have been persuaded to back the move， after being told that there was no other choice.

When British sailors took control of Ascension Island in 1815， they found nobody living on it but that it was overrun with rats which had escaped from sinking ships. They introduced cats to kill the rats-and were soon overrun by cats. By 1820 they were sending back to England for dogs to kill the cats， but that didn ' t work. Ever since， the wild cat population has been attacking the birds.

Man introduced these cats， and it has disturbed the balance. Ascension Island is a most important seabird gathering place. We have to undo man’s cats here. Action has been taken to kill off wild cats for the protection of birds. Only cats raised as pets are allowed.

Since they are micro-chipped(加电子芯片的) ， if they get caught they can be sent back to their owner. The action can be considered rather successful. The cat population is down to the last few-they ' re the most difficult ones to catch.

68. The best title for the text would be_______-

(A) Killing Cats to Save Rats

(B) Problems with Shipping Cats

(C) Fighting between Cats and Rats

(D) Keeping the Rat Population Down