Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating fr

Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.

Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable (受人尊敬的) colleges—Harvard, Yale, Columbia—and transform. them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars. Drilling and learning by rote (死记硬背) were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.

At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.

The word "this" (Sentence 8, Para. 2) refers to which of the following?

A．Creating and passing on knowledge.

B．Drilling and learning by rote.

C．Disciplining students.

D．Developing moral principles.

The cost of medical care in the United States is very high. The time and money that doctors spend on their medical education are probably one reason for this problem.

A visit to a doctor’s office costs from fifteen to fifty dollars. It is impossible to pay for the medical care they need. Many people in the United States think that doctors are overpaid. Most doctors, however, disagree. They say that they were required to study medicine for a long time. Tuition(学费)for many years of medical education costs a lot of money. Doctors say that it is necessary for most medical students to borrow money from a bank to pay their tuition. Because this money must be repaid to the bank, young doctors need a lot of money for their work. So, they charge people high prices for medical care. Therefore it is possible that the high cost of medical care in America is unnecessary. Because high tuition is one cause of high costs, one way to lower costs would be to have medical schools that are free or have low tuition.

Some people do not have their medical care they need because ______.

A．they are not willing to pay high tuition for the doctors

B．they don't think it necessary to have medical care

C．they don't want to spend much money on it

D．they haven't got enough money to pay for it

Bermard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a "natural spillover". Although at first the colonise held little positive attraction for the English -- they would rather have stayed home -- by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn's third preposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At tint, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely antiaristocratic.

The author of the passage states that Bailyn failed to ______.

A．give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England

B．take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land

C．relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States

D．investigate the lives of Europeans before they came to colonial North America to determine more adequately their motivations for migrating

Bermard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a "natural spillover". Although at first the colonise held little positive attraction for the English -- they would rather have stayed home -- by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half- civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti- aristocratic.

The author of the passage states that Bailyn failed to _______.

A．give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England

B．take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land

C．relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States

D．investigate the lives of Europeans before they came to colonial North America to determine more adequately their motivations for migrating

The University as Business

A number of colleges and universities have announced steep

tuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,

very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because

of a loss in value of university endowments' heavily investing in common 1

stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes

its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2

outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3

business firms. The rise in tuitions mayreflect the fact economic uncertainty 4

increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being

in the school is foregoing income from a job (this isprimarily a factor in 5

graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one' s job prospects, 6

the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,

in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7

include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students

a governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8

Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as

customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9

rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the

athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best

athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier

from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities,

the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by

agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely

of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10

customer.

根据短文回答 46～50 题。

Home Schooling

All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school. _______(1) There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Some parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. _______(2) David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school. _______ (3) For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal (去除) equipment, Alaska, polar bears (北极熊), and winter tourism. A spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program._______ (4)

Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers are outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life._______(5) However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.

第 46 题 请选择（1）处的最佳答案

A．Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.

B．Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.

C．Learning starts with the children's interests and questions.

D．Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers."

E．In some countries, however, children are educated by their parents.

F．If the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, and how deserts are formed.

根据下列文章,请回答 46～50 题。

Home Schooling

All children in the United States have to receive an education．but the law does not say they have to be educated at school．A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school。_________(1)There are about 300，000 home-scholars in the United States today．Some parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values；others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home．_________(2)

David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home．Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school．__________(3)For example。when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate。snow removal(去除)equipment，Alaska，polar bears(北极熊)，and winter tourism．A spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program。________ (4)

Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools．but critics say that home-scholars are outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult Life，________(5)However, most parents don’t have the time or the desire l0 teach their children at home。SO schools will continue to be where most children gel their formal education．

A．Interestingly，results show that home—schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math．

B．Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children．

C．Learning starts with the children。S interests and questions．

D．Children who are educated at home are known as home．scholars．”

E．In some countries。however, children are educated by their parents．

F．If the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news，it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate。and how deserts are formed．

第 46 题 请选择（1）处最佳答案。

根据下列文章,请回答 46～50 题。

Home Schooling

All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school. __________ (1) There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Some parents prefer teaching their children at home because thay do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. __________ (2)

David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school. __________ (3) For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal (去除) equipment, Alaska, polar bears (北极熊), and winter tourism. A spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a 9ood time to ask questions about satellites and the space program.(4)

Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers are outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. __________ (5) However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.

A．Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.

B．Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.

C．Learning starts with the children's interests and questions.

D．Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers."

E．in some countries, however, children are educated by their parents.

F．If the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk, about how rain forests influence the climate, and how deserts are formed.

第 46 题 请选择（1）处最佳答案。