？Read the following extract from an article about leadership in companies' management, and

？For each question 15—20, mark one letter (A, B, C, or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

It has been said that management is a science and that leadership is an art. Management is comprised of concrete, measurable skills: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Thumb through any management textbook and you'll see specific models, formulas, procedures, or techniques for monitoring and controlling performance output. Controlling productivity through adherence to standards is the stock-in-trade of the effective manager. It's not always an easy task, and talented managers should be given the credit they deserve in helping their organizations succeed.

No organization can survive for very long, let alone earn any sort of substantial profits, without sound management. But management alone is not enough in today's marketplace. It is the right balance, a combination of efficient management and leadership that every organization is seeking.

Just what is the new model of leadership for the 21st century？ It revolves around five abstract qualities. Managers may possess some or all of these abilities to one degree or another, but these skills are distinct from the particular qualities that define management. To better understand how leadership and management differ, lefts review the five leadership competencies.

Self-mastery is the foundation upon which a leader's credibility is built and from which a leader's image will evolve. Self-mastery involves awareness, acknowledgment, and acceptance. It's about discovering the qualities that make you special and unique. It's about your own talents and abilities-your personal areas of excellence. Effective leaders create opportunities to showcase their natural abilities. They uncover their potential talents by continually st. retching themselves and pushing themselves to their limits. At the same time, however, the successful leader acknowledges his or her limitations. To achieve true self-mastery you must accept yourself, including your faults, totally and unconditionally.

Vision is in many ways the heart and soul of leadership. While the manager must deal with issues and produce results on a day-to-day basis, a leader must focus on both the present and the future. The manager's concern is today; the leader has a vision for tomorrow. But simply having a vision is not enough; you must make others believe in it, too. Put your plans for the future before the eyes and ears of the people around you. When other people begin to buy into your vision and make it their own, good things start to happen—and happen quickly. Leaders turn their vision into reality by constantly letting others know what's in it for them.

"Personal power" is the ability to influence and persuade others. It is not to be confused with "position power". Position power is embedded in hierarchical, organizational structure. Personal power is earned. You do not necessarily need to have direct authority over others to display personal power. In fact, in the most successful companies, leadership exists at all levels. Develop personal power by being dependable, following through on commitments, and demonstrating concern for the welfare of others. People will recognize your personal Fewer and look to you for direction.

Empowerment completes the set of leadership skills. Although it has become a buzz word in the 90's, leaders have been aware of the concept of empowerment throughout the ages. Empewerment is the process by which a leader enables other individuals to successfully complete a certain job or task. It is a technique that allows you to delegate responsibility for tasks throughout your organization, even at the lowest levels. As a leader, it is in your interest t

A．management skills

B．leadership principles

C．the qualities that define management

D．the distinction between management and leadership