题目要求写的是一封简短的祝贺信。祝贺信的写作要领包括： 1．直接报告喜讯或表达听到喜讯的心情。 2

A. The consequence of losing bones

B. A better lab than on earth

C. Two different cases

D. Multiple effects form. weightlessness

E. How to overcome weightlessness

F. Factors that are not so sure

During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of he liver, kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: "You feel our guts floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back."

41.______

Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when stand or sit upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken. This doesn't present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform. only light work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments.

Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower spine, hips and upper leg at a rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone formation also declines.

42.______

Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form. in other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do not yet know whether the bone recovers completely: too few people have flown in space for long periods. Some bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be more prone to broken bones. 43.______

These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the right prescription still awaits discovery.

44.______

Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientists have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on earth. On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow. But are these patterns the result only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity, different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow.

45.______

Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep (light levels and work schedules disrupt the body's normal rhythms). Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep (an action difficult to resist, considering the view) can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on,

hanges in all of man's ideas and values. It is a time when every one of us must look within himself to find what ideas, what beliefs, and what ideals each of us will live by. And unless we find these ideals, and unless we stand by them firmly, we have no power to overcome the crisis in which we in our world find ourselves.

I believe in people, in sheer, unadulterated humanity. I believe in listening to what people have to say, in helping them to achieve the things which they want and the things which they need. Naturally, there are people who behave like beasts, who kill, who cheat, who lie and who destroy. But without a belief in man and a faith in his possibilities for the future, there can be no hope for the future, but only bitterness that the past has gone. I believe we must, each of us, make a philosophy by which we can live. There are people who make a philosophy out of believing in nothing. They say there is no truth, that goodness is simply cleverness in disguising your own selfishness. They say that life is simply the short gap in between an unpleasant birth and an inevitable death. There are others who say that man is born into evil and sinfulness and that life is a process of purification through suffering and that death is the reward for having suffered.

I believe these philosophies are false. The most important thing in life is the way it is lived, and there is no such thing as an abstract happiness, an abstract goodness or morality, or an abstract anything, except in terms of the person who believes and who acts. There is only the single human being who lives and who, through every moment of his own personal living experience, is being happy or unhappy, noble or base, wise or unwise, or simply existing.

The question is: How can these individual moments of human experience be filled with the richness of a philosophy which can sustain the individual in his own life? Unless we give part of ourselves away, unless we can live with other people and understand them and help them, we are missing the most essential part of our own human lives.

There are as many roads to the attainment of wisdom and goodness as there are people who undertake to walk them. There are as many solid truths on which we can stand as there are people who can search them out and who will stand on them. There are as many ideas and ideals as there are men of good will who will hold them in their minds and act them in their lives.

A. listening to people's opinions

B. revolutionary changes

C. being happy or unhappy

D. the way it is lived

E. we give part of ourselves away

F. many roads to the attainment of wisdom

G. as a short gap between birth and death

We are living in a periods of

公民的自由，国家不应该禁止。请讨论。

Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)You should

1) interpret the chart, and

2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

to agroup of international students. Write a reply to

1）Accept the invitation, and

2）Introduce the key points of your presentation.

You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.

Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead.

Do not write the address .

My Dream

My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years beforegraduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashiondesign course. However, during that course I realised that I was not good enough in this area to compete with16

other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying foruniversity I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favouriteactivities. But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream -I knew that no one, apart from myself, could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!

"Wedon&39;t make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexicoclothing line.

Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further tradedeals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.

But there is also a different way to look at the data.

Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having toomany workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, Americanmanufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennialsmay not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar orbetter pay.

For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers－and upward pressure on wages. "They&39;re harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine CoilSpring, a family-owned firm, "They may be coming [into the workforce], but they&39;ve been pluckedby other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringinghigh school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.

At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his fathercofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five areretiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placementprogram, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.

At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the coppercoils he&39;s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It&39;s his first week on the job. Askedabout his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching toelectrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says.

But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents,who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them toavoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame iton the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a businessdevelopment agency for western Michigan.

These concerns aren&39;t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilledtrades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels. "

The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr,a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There&39;re enough people to fill the jobs atMcDonalds and other places where you don&39;t need to have much skill. It&39;s that gap in between, andthat&39;s where the problem is."

Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials intomanufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, youngpeople value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live theirlives," she says.

A、says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools。

B、 points out that there are enough people to fill thejobs that don ’t need much skill 。

C、points out that the US doesn’t manu facture anything anymore。

D、believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers。

[E] says that for factory owners，workers are harder to find because of stiff competition。

[F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing。

[G] says that the manufacturing recession is to15 blame for the lay-off the young people’s parents 。

41.Jay Deuwell______________

42.Jason Stenquist______________

43.Birgit Klohs______________

44.Rob Spohr______________

45.Julie Parks______________

41__________

42

43

44

45

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anational concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialistin fire ecology and management.

In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annualbudget fighting fires－nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect,fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency&39;s other work－such as forest conservation,watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep －that affect the lives of all Americans. Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into constructionin fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likelyto be lost to a wildfire?

“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country, We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, “Wait a minute, is this OK ?”“Do we want insteadto redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape? ” Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researcherssay.

For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, thefocus has been on climate change－how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leadingto conditions that worsen fires. While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of theequation.

“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,"he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutionsmight be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited. At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled andunleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But macknowledging fire&39;s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws,policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.

“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire, ” Balch says. “It is really important tounderstand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today. ”

36.More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they_____.

A.exhausted unprecedented management efforts

B.consumed a record-high percentage of budget

C.severely damaged the ecology of western states

D.caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure

While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that _____.A.public debates have not settled yet

B.fire-fighting conditions are improving

C.other factors should not be overlooked

D.a shift in the view of fire has taken place

The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to _____.A.discover the fundamental makeup of nature

B.explore the mechanism of the human systems

C.maximize the role of landscape in human life

D.understand the interrelations of man and nature

Moritz calls for the use of "a magnifying glass" to _____.A.raise more funds for fire-prone areas

B.avoid the redirection of federal money

C.find wildfire-free parts of the landscape

D.guarantee safer spending of public funds

Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should _____.A.do away with

B.come to terms with

C.pay a price for

D.keep away from

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