A Recent Erymology of the Word "Culture"“文化”一词的新词源
Look in an old dictionary—say, a pre-1960 Webster's—and you'll likely find a definition of culture (1) looks something like this: "1.The cultivation of soil. 2.The raising, improvement, or development of some plant, animal (2) product. " This use of the word has its roots in the ancient Latin word cultura, "cultivation" or "tending," and (3) entrance into the English language had begun by the year 1430. By the time the Webster's definition above was (4) , another definition had begun to take precedence over the old Latin denotation; culture was coming to mean "the training, (5) , and refinement of mind, tastes, and manners" (Oxford English Dictionary). The OED traces this definition, which today we associate (6) the phrase "high culture," back as far as 1805; by the middle of the 20th century, it was (7) becoming the word's primary definition.
However, if you try a more modem source, like the American Heritage English Dictionary, (8) find a primary definition of culture which is substantially different than either of the two given above: "The totality (9) socially transmitted behavior. patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. " Why such a (10) , and in such a (relatively) short period of time? Well, in the past 40 years, the use of the (11) "culture" has been heavily influenced by the academic fields of sociology and cultural anthropology. These fields have gradually brought (12) was once a minor definition of culture (the last of eight definitions given in the old 1958 Webster's quoted (13) ) into the mainstream.
It is easy to imagine how the US society which was so focused on "socially transmitted (14) patterns" in the sixties would come to need a word to describe the object of its interest. The civil (15) movement during this era brought everyone's attention to bear on cultural differences within US society, while the Vietnam War (16) to emphasize the position of the US culture in relation to other world cultures.
Over time, these new uses (17) the word culture have eclipsed its older meanings, those associated with cultivation of the land and the production of (18) . You might say that an aspect of US culture over the past 40 years is its fascination with the (19) of culture itself—a fascination which has brought about many changes in the way we speak and the (20) of words which we commonly use.
(1)
第1题
A、F
B、O
第2题
A.promoted
B.hastened
C.advanced
D.accelerated
第3题
A、F
B、O
第4题
Recent studies have suggested that weight training ______.
A.has become an essential part of people's life
B.may well affect the health of the trainees
C.will attract more people in the days to come
D.contributes to health improvement as well
第5题
Recent studies have suggested that weight training ______.
A.has become an essential part of people's life
B.may well affect the health of the trainees
C.will attract more people in the days to come
D.contributes to health improvement as well
第6题
What is the purpose of the most recent guidelines made by the ITF?
A.To eliminate the use of smart rackets.
B.To stop the development of high tech equipment.
C.To encourage fair competition.
D.To encourage the use of smart rackets.
第7题
What is the purpose of the most recent guidelines made by the ITF?
A.To eliminate the use of smart rackets.
B.To stop the development of high tech equipment.
C.To encourage fair competition.
D.To encourage the use of smart rackets.
第8题
In obtaining a nursing history from a 22-year-old patient admitted with a diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis, the nurse specifically asks the patient about a recent history of which of the following ()
A.urinarytractinfection
B.strepthroat
C.x-rayusingcontrastmedia
D.illicitdruguse
第9题
According to the author, the two main purposes of the mass media axe to ______.
A.control our thinking and get us to buy useless products
B.provide people with information and entertainment
C.make people aware of the availability of products and create a large demand for some items
D.express the views of the public and help improve recent immigrants’English
第10题
The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to ______.
A.summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passage
B.explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by critics
C.evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history discussed in the passage
D.present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage
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