2015年12月6日托福写作题范文

assage. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. Where would the sentence best fit?

A．Square Ａ.

B．Square Ｂ.

C．Square Ｃ.

D．Square Ｄ.

CEPT ______.

A．ancient artwork

B．asymmetrical skulls

C．studies of tool use

D．fossilized hand bones

th is significant because ______.

A．the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can be verified

B．it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestors

C．the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns to patterns

D．it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools

The authors description of Cro-Magnon paintings mentions which of the following?

A．Some are not very good.

B．It is unusual to see such paintings.

C．Many were drawn by children.

D．The artists were mostly right-hande

Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of people to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Answer Choices A. No regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. B. Travel by trail roads or airplanes. C. Playing musical instruments. D. Living close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. E. Having societies and languages. F. Hunting and fishing for life. G. Electing leaders of organizations. H. Building cities. I. Leaving their legacy in stones, bones and pottery.

The word the other in Paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A．painting

B．hand

C．brush

D．cavity

What does the professor imply about the idea of a critical period?

A．It is a notion that is hard to deny in light of recent evidence.

B．It is not relevant to children who grow up under normal conditions.

C．The notion is irrelevant to language learning except in feral children.

D．The idea is hard to prove due to the overabundance of feral children.

that we develop language skills through social interaction? Youve read ... at least I hope youve read the reading assignment Language and the Mind by Noam Chomsky. So youre familiar with his argument that were born with a device that helps us acquire a language intuitively. He calls it a language acquisition device, or LAD, for short. But psychologists like Jerome Bruner are highly critical of his theory, so today were going to examine both sides of the debate. In reality, the dispute is connected to the broader debate of nature versus nurture. What do I mean by nature and nurture? Well, let me ask it this way. Is language development controlled by biology, or do we learn from our social environment? Think about these questions and then Ill ask your opinion again at the end of the lecture, okay? But before examining Chomksys theory, I need to clarify one point first. Our discussion today will focus on the acquisition of a childs first language, or mother tongue, as it is sometimes called. And more about that term later, lets begin by discussing what Mr. Chomsky has to say about language development. Well, his language acquisition device or LAD theory is based on three key assumptions about the process. The first assumption is that children have an innate ability for language development. In other words, theyre born with a set of skills that allows them to intuitively comprehend language. In fact, Chomsky claims that their brains are preprogrammed with what he calls a universal grammar. And that device allows them to understand the =~ structure and grammar of a language just by being exposed to it. Let me elaborate on this point. From Chomskys perspective, a childs brain is like a computer. It has already been wired to process and store different kinds of information. Do you see what I mean? Yes? Good! Now this hypothesis leads us to the second assumption: young children can acquire their first language skills independently. That is to say, they dont have to rely on parents or the social environment to teach them the grammar and structure of their language; they simply use the LAD to figure it out for themselves. The third assumption is that the LAD makes it easy for young children to learn a language. However, Chomsky does admit that theres a small window of opportunity for language development. He thinks, or rather he refers to this short time period as the critical period. And a recent study of language development in feral children--the children whove grown up in extreme isolation from humans--has provided persuasive evidence of the notion of a critical period. For example, when they were found, feral children couldnt speak at all. In fact, they could only make grunting noises like animals. Thats why theyre called feral. It literally means untamed or wild. In any case, researchers discovered that when these children returned to normal living conditions, they had great difficulty acquiring language unless they were exposed to language before the age of twelve. The argument was that the brains of these abused children hadnt developed neurologically, so the LAD couldnt function properly. You can read about the actual feral experiences of a young girl in the book, Genie: A Scientific Tragedy. But getting back to the issue at hand, as you can see from this discussion, Chomksys LAD theory leans heavily toward the nature side of the debate. In other words, he and other linguists who support this theory believe that biology predetermines our ability to acquire language. And youll notice that the LAD theory focuses on acquiring language, not learning it. But psychologists like Jerome Brunet argue that language development is also a learning process. So whats the difference between acquiring a language and learning it? Well, for one thing, learning a language requires ongoing social interaction, and that assumption forms the basis of Bruners theory of the language acquisition support system, or LASS, for short. You see, according to Bruner, some type of LAD may exist, but parents and siblings also play a key role in a childs language development. How? By involving young children in routine behaviors like saying hello and goodbye and daily rituals like meal times and bath times. So its probably no surprise that the expression mother tongue evolved. After all, we all remember listening to the familiar sounds and repetitive phrases our mothers used when we were young. In fact, a researcher named Moerk nicknamed this type of language modeling as motherese. The second assumption of Bruners theory is that language learning is developmental. In other words, parents or siblings create a learning environment that supports the child as he or she builds language skills. So in the beginning, they are quite vocal and the child is rather passive. But as children develop the language skills, they become more active. From this perspective, language learning is more a process of discovery, and children learn to construct new ideas by linking it with previous knowledge and experiences. Therefore, its evident that Bruners theory strongly supports the notion that nurture is as essential as nature in language development. Now based on what youve heard today, where do you stand? P And a recent study of language development in feral children--the children whove grown up in extreme isolation from humans--has provided persuasive evidence of the notion of a critical period. What does the professor imply about the idea of a critical period?

What is the lecture mainly about?

A．Ways to enhance language development in young children.

B．A comparison of two theories on first language acquisition.

C．Methods for teaching language skills to preteen children.

D．The influence of mothers on a baby"s language development.

What does the student imply when she says this:

A．She wants to take on more duties than he"s offering.

B．She feels overwhelmed by the number of duties.

C．She feels the professor is taking advantage of her.

D．She is unsure whether she has the time for this jo