The imaging techniques — positron emission tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging, known as PET and functional M. R. I. scans — are used prominently in studies of brain activity. The most active brain areas appear to light up on the scans as specific tasks are performed. The two techniques do not measure nerve-cell activity directly; they measure the extra flow of blood that surges to the most active brain areas.
Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, have monitored these changes in blood flow in anesthetized cats by removing parts of the skull and observing how the nerve cells in activated regions fuel their activities by rapidly removing oxygen from nearby red blood cells.
This rapid uptake of oxygen, made evident by visible changes in the color of the red cells, proves that early oxygen transfer gives these neurons the energy to do their work, the researchers said.
They also found that subtle changes in blood flow began significantly earlier than was detected by PET and functional M. R. I. scans, which lack sufficient resolution and do not form. their images quickly enough to follow such rapid changes. Dr. Amiram Grinvald published the findings in the Journal Science.
"The initial event is very localized and will be missed if you don't look for it soon enough and use the highest possible resolution," Dr. Grinvald said. "Now people are beginning to use our results with other imaging methods."
Working on the exposed brain lets researchers follow electrical activity and the accompanying blood flow in greater detail than is possible by using indirect imaging methods that track neural activity through the skull. However, opportunities for open-skull studies of humans are limited to some kinds of neurosurgery, and researchers must mostly rely on PET and functional M. R. I. images for studies linking behavior. with specific brain activity.
By directly observing exposed cat brains and in similar work with a few human cases, Dr. Grinvald and his associates have been able to observe the first evidence of electrical activity and other changes in brain cells after a light has been seen or a limb moved.
The newest research showed that it took three seconds or more after an event for the flow of blood to increase to an area of the brain dealing with a stimulus. That is the blood-flow increase usually pictured in brain-function studies with PET or functional M. R. I techniques, the Israeli researchers said. However, the initial reaction observed in the Weizmann research by directly imaging the exposed brain — the direct transfer of oxygen from blood cells to neurons — occurred in the first-tenth of a second and was lost to conventional imaging, they said.
The later increase in blood flow to the area, Dr. Grinvald said, was obviously an attempt by the body to supply more oxygen for brain activity. But the increase in blood was so abundant that it covered an area much larger than the region directly involved in the activity being studied, masking some of the subtle changes, he said.
The body's reaction, the researchers said in the paper, was like "watering the entire garden for the sake of one thirsty flower."
Dr. Kamil Ugurbil, said that the Israeli research provided clues that allowed the use of functional M. R. I. scans to picture earlier events in the activity of brain cells.
"Dr. Grinvald's observations are very important, and they have significant implications for functional imaging with high resolution," Dr. Ugurbil said in an interview. "We have actual
A.those changes are subtle and masked by some reactions
B.subtle changes in blood flow began earlier
C.the imaging techniques are out of place
D.the flow of blood to increase to an area of the brain is slow
第1题
使用专用I/O指令为每个外围设备I/O接口中的有关寄存器分配I/O端口地址,此方式称为()。
A.端口编址
B.外设与内存统一编址
C.外设独立编址
D.内存寻址
第2题
A.内存映像编址方式下允许缓存设备接口寄存器的内容
B.I/O端口地址是指设备接口寄存器的地址
C.I/O独立编址方式需要特定的I/O指令
D.内存映像编址方式下I/O端口地址空间可以比较大
第3题
使用专用I/O指令为每个外围设备I/O接口中的有关寄存器分配I/O端口地址,此方式称为()。
A.端口编址
B.外设与内存统一编址
C.外设独立编址
D.内存寻址
第4题
使用专用I/O指令为每个外围设备I/O接口中的有关寄存器分配I/O端口地址,此方式称为()。
A.端口编址
B.外设与内存统一编址
C.外设独立编址
D.内存寻址
第6题
下列关于I/O端口的2种编址方式描述中,正确的是()
A.独立编址方式占用存储器地址空间
B.统一编址方式占用存储器地址空间
C.2种方式都占用存储器地址空间
D.2种方式都不占用存储器地址空间
第8题
下列说法错误的是______。
A.微处理器对I/O端口的统一编址方式中,有专门的I/O指令
B.微处理器对I/O端口的统一编址方式中,I/O端口地址当成存储器地址的一部分
C.微处理器对I/O端口的独立编址方式中,采用专门I/O指令对端口地址进行操作
D.80x86微处理器采用独立编址方式
第9题
A.为了便于区分I/O端口,可以给每个I/O端口分配多个编号
B.统一编址方式把I/O端口作为存储单元来对待
C.可以将I/O空间与存储器空间各自独立地进行编址
D.模型计算机采用的是统一编址方式
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