Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never b

t and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

The time needed in making decisions may____ .

A.vary according to the urgency of the situation

B.prove the complexity of our brain reaction

C.depend on the importance of the assessment

D.predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____ .

A.critical assessment

B.“thin sliced”study

C.sensible explanation

D.adequate information

The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____ .A.tolerant

B.uncertain

C.optimistic

D.doubtful

Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____ .A.can be associative

B.are not unconscious

C.can be dangerous

D.are not impulsive

To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____ .A.trust our first impression

B.do as people usually do

C.think before we act

D.ask for expert advice

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ong with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

“Birds of passage” refers to those who____ .

A.immigrate across the Atlantic.

B.leave their home countries for good.

C.stay in a foreign temporialy.

D.find permanent jobs overseas.

It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____ .A.needs new immigrant categories.

B.has loosened control over immigrants.

C.should be adopted to meet challenges.

D.has been fixed via political means.

According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___ .A.financial incentives.

B.a global recognition.

C.opportunities to get regular jobs.

D.the freedom to stay and leave.

The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated ____ .A.as faithful partners.

B.with economic favors.

C.with regal tolerance.

D.as mighty rivals.

Select the title that is most suitable for the articleA.come and go: big mistake.

B.living and thriving : great risk.

C.with or without : great risk.

D.legal or illegal: big mistake.

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cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle. ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.

There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.

The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______ .

A.the impact of technological advances

B.the alleviation of job pressure

C.the shrinkage of textile mills

D.the decline of middle-class incomes

The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______ .A.gains of technology have been erased

B.job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

C.factories are making much less money than before

D.new jobs and services have been offered

According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____ .A.to accelerate the I.T. revolution

B.to ensure more education for people

C.ro advance economic globalization

D.to pass more bills in the 21st century

Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?A.New Law Takes Effect

B.Technology Goes Cheap

C.Average Is Over

D.Recession Is Bad

According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______ .A.work on cheap software

B.ask for a moderate salary

C.adopt an average lifestyle

D.contribute something unique

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e cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form. of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer&39;s account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.

Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else&39;s accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

1

A.However

B.Moreover

C.Therefore

D.Otherwise

2A.off

B.back

C.over

D.around

7A.imaginative

B.expensive

C.sensitive

D.productive

8A.similar

B.original

C.temporary

D.dominant

9A.collect

B.provide

C.copy

D.print

10A.give up

B.take over

C.bring back

D.pass down

11A.before

B.after

C.since

D.when

12A.kept

B.borrowed

C.released

D.withdrawn

13A.Unless

B.Until

C.Because

D.Though

14A.hide

B.express

C.raise

D.ease

16A.unsafe

B.unnatural

C.uncommon

D.unclear

17A.steal

B.choose

C.benefit

D.return

18A.consideration

B.prevention

C.manipulation

D.justification

6A.for

B.against

C.with

D.on

20A.chunk

B.chip

C.path

D.trail

15A.analyzed

B.shared

C.stored

D.displayed

3A.power

B.concept

C.history

D.role

19A.cope with

B.fight against

C.adapt to

D.call for

5A.silent

B.sudden

C.slow

D.steady

4A.reward

B.resist

C.resume

D.reverse

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Directions: Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET.

You should

1. interpret the chart, and

2. give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

l student. Write him to email to

1)tell him about your living habits, and

2)ask for advice about living there.

You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.

Do not use your own name.

fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

ually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

The author believes that the housing sector______ .

A.has attracted much attention

B.involves certain political factors

C.shoulders too much responsibility

D.has lost its real value in economy

It can be learned that affordable housing has______ .A.increased its home supply

B.offered spending opportunities

C.suffered government biases

D.disappointed the government

According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may______ .A.allow greater government debt for housing

B.stop local authorities from building homes

C.prepare to reduce housing stock debt

D.release a lifted GDP growth forecast

It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would______ .A.lower the costs of registered providers

B.lessen the impact of government interference

C.contribute to funding new developments

D.relieve the ministers of responsibilities

The author believes that after 2015,the government may______ .A.implement more policies to support housing

B.review the need for large-scale public grants

C.renew the affordable housing grants programme

D.stop generous funding to the housing sector

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ly, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style. ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle. it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______ .

A.our self-ratings are unrealistically high

B.illusory superiority is baseless effect

C.our need for leadership is unnatural

D.self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______ .A.rapid watching

B.conscious choice

C.intuitive response

D.automatic self-defence

Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______ .A.underestimate their insecurities

B.believe in their attractiveness

C.cover up their depressions

D.oversimplify their illusions

The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.A.instinctively

B.occasionally

C.particularly

D.aggressively

It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.A.present their dishonest profiles

B.define their traditional life styles

C.share their intellectual pursuits

D.withhold their unflattering sides

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idow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald&39;s restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

Readers of “Happy Money” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?

A.A big house

B.A special tour

C.A stylish car

D.A rich meal

Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that______ .A.consumers are sometimes irrational

B.popularity usually comes after quality

C.marketing tricks are after effective

D.rarity generally increases pleasure

According to the last paragraph,Happy Money______ .A.has left much room for readers’criticism

B.may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

C.has predicted a wider income gap in the us

D.may give its readers a sense of achievement

This text mainly discusses how to______ .A.balance feeling good and spending money

B.spend large sums of money won in lotteries

C.obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent

D.become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is______ .A.critical

B.supportive

C.sympathetic

D.ambiguous

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